Barra v Express Solution (Pty) Ltd (CS 13 of 2021) [2022] SCSC 1145 (28 October 2022)

[14] The Defendant avers that the funds deposited by the Plaintiff on her account were at all
times available for a refund or collection by her when it transpired, as pleaded, that vehicles
of agreed colour were not available for import due to grave unforeseen circumstances,
which rendered the specific colour version unavailable. These circumstances were not
anticipated and occurred at the period of January and February 2020 prior to the lock down
effects of the Covid 19 virus pandemic.
[15] It is averred that Acknowledgement dated 29th January 2020 was a mere receipt confirming
fifty percent part payment of the pro forma invoice, which was subject to change of the
final price. The terms and conditions of the pro forma invoice comprised the contents of
the binding contract, while the acknowledgement reflected the first part payment instalment modality for the car, subject to such final price changes implied, in the event of
change in official exchange rates, taxes and other unforeseen circumstances.
[16] . The Defendant admits receipt of funds totalling SCR240,000.00 (Seychelles Rupees Two
Hundred and Forty Thousand only) as at February 2020. The sum reflected the price at the
exchange rate ofSCR14.35 to the US Dollar, at that material time. It is denied that this sum
was the fixed entire consideration for the sale of the car. The terms and condition clause in
the pro forma invoice made further provisions on how and why the final price was to be
adjusted when the car would be sold to the Plaintiff.
[17] The Defendant avers that a car of the same model was delivered to Seychelles from India
by the supplier. However, the car was white in colour, instead of sportin red due to lack of
availability of that colour scheme in the factory yard, which had closed down since
February 2020 due"'tb closure of production on account of the Covid 19 virus pandemic.
The Defendant avers that he informed the Plaintiff of the circumstances when the Bill of
Lading was received, but she refused to accept delivery of that white car or an offer for
refund when the car arrived in Seychelles in May 2020. It is averred that the Plaintiff
refused the offer for any other alternative available..colour, which were silver and magma
grey. The Plaintiff accepted that she would wait until such time that the sportin red model
would be available, despite the expiry of the three months importation timeframe condition
"
- for delivery. It is averred that the Plaintiff therefore condoned the delay by her
comportment.

[18] The Defendant further avers that the supplier could not guarantee that he could supply the
car in that colour. The Defendant states that all the information was always passed on to
the Plaintiff, who made habitual telephone calls on the progress of the availability of her
colour choice, against the advice of the Defendant. It is averred that the Plaintiff at all times
refused to accept the offer for a full refund.
[19] Paragraph 7 of the Plaint is not admitted. The Defendant avers that:
(i) The supplier managed to secure the car with the Plaintiffs colour scheme in
November 2020, after the factory resumed production. The Defendant informed the Plaintiff and she agreed to take delivery thereof despite likely changes in price
according to the terms and conditions clause and lapse of the three months delivery
clause.
(ii) Had she reneged the contract the Plaintiff ought to have refused delivery thereof and
she would have opted for a suit for refund, which the Defendant was willing to pay
and damages.
(iii) The car was cleared at Customs Division on the 12th January 2021 after the
Defendant had paid all fees, charges, excise tax and clearing agent's fees. It has since
been at the Defendant's yard awaiting payment by the Defendant, of such adjusted
pnce.
' ...
(iv) The Plaintiff insisted on the transfer of the vehicle onto her name without payment
of the increased foreign exchange rate of the US Dollar from SCR14.35 to
SCR21,82390 as at January 2021 for the excise tax rate duly levied and paid by the
Defendant which increased from SCR57,169.72 at the US Dollar exchange rate of
SCR18.02 in May 2020 to SCRI36,999.53 in January 2021.(v) The Plaintiff refused to pay the increased rate unlike other clients in similar situations
despite the terms and conditions clause provided in the pro forma invoice. The
Defendant avers that the Plaintiff refused to pay and perform in compliance with the
terms and conditions of the Invoice which were implied and were accepted by part
performance of payment by the Plaintiff.
(vi) The Defendant further averts that it never refused to convey the car onto the Plaintiff
but such act was subject to the payment of increased dues, levies and charges which
had arisen for reasons which were not imputable to the Defendant but due to an act
of God or in the alternative, Force Majeure on account of the universal pandemic of
Covid 19, ramifications of which caused closure of factories and ports in India,
devaluation of the Seychelles Rupee currency, increased excise tax in January 2021
from 12% to 37.5% and therefore caused cumulative increase of the price of the car
to SCR378,560.00

(vii) It avers further that the price difference from January 2020 to January 2021 increased
by SCR 138,560.00 through no fault of either party. However, the plaintiff was
contract bound to perform payment and was in breach thereof by failing to pay that
sum in terms of the Terms and Conditions Clause including all implied obligations
contained therein and arising therefrom.
(viii) With regards to the quotation of SCR4l5,000, the Defendant avers that it is the price
of a similar car as at January 2021, which price was more expensive than that of the
Defendant's.
[20] The Defendant avers further that for a period in excess of one month the Plaintiff failed to
pay the balance due for the car, while the Defendant had incurred extra cumulative
expenses in excess of SCR138,560.00 to ship the car to Seychelles and clear the same
through Customsfor which he has suffered loss in an equal sum.
[21] It avers that the contract referred to in the Plaint cannot be strictly interpreted as a fixed
term contract. It ought to be read together with the invoice dated 17th January 2020, which
precedes the document dated 29th January 2020 relied on by the Plaintiff, which is an
acknowledgement of receipt of funds, erroneouslyrelied on as a contract.

[22] It avers further that the Defendant never refused to sell the car to the Plaintiff as she alleges.
'" ,.
- However, the sale at the price of SCR240,000.00 would amount to fraudulent extortion by
the Plaintiff, in breach of the terms of the pro forma invoice, its terms and conditions clause
and the implied obligations of the Plaintiff arising therefrom.
[23] It finally avers that it was not in control of the ramifications of the pandemic, increase in
the price of the car due to increase of the costs and delay to import the vehicle colour sportin
red, its unavailability for a period in excess of six months, devaluation of the Seychelles
Rupee and that increment in excise taxes as per new legislation were not attributable to it
personally. These ramifications were not his responsibility and he ought to be absolved
from all liability as a result of the Terms and Conditions Clause.

The evidence
[24] The Plaintiff testified that in January 2020 she bought a car from the Defendant. The first
portion of payment was a bank transfer of SCR140,000.00 (Seychelles Rupees One
Hundred and Forty Thousand only) and the second was SCR 100,000.00 (Seychelles
Rupees One Hundred Thousand only) on the 5th of February 2020. The Plaintiff stated that
the car she paid for was a red Toyota Glanza 2019, G Model. The Plaintiff stated that the
total sum for the car was SCR240,000.00 (Seychelles Rupees Two Hundred and Forty
Thousand only) and the car was supposed to be delivered after three months of payment.
She produced an invoice from the Defendant to this effect and a document issued by the
Defendant acknowledging the receipt of the sum ofSCR140,000.00 with flie balance to be
paid in full upon the delivery of the vehicle. After the period of three months from her last
payment she approached the Defendant's Director, Mr Andy Labrosse, and she was
""",
reassured that the car was already shipped from India and was on its way.
[25] On the 18th of February 2021 she informed her lawyer about the car issue and her counsel
wrote a letter to the Defendant in which the latter was instructed to deliver the car within
seven working days and not to sell the vehicle to any third party. The Seychelles Licensing
Authority was also notified. No reply was received to this letter. According to the Plaintiff,
when she met Mr Andy Labrosse, a Director of the Defendant, she was informed that the
.'
car was already in the country but that she needed to pay SCR138,000.00 (Seychelles
Rupees One Hundred and Thirty Eight Thousand only) more before it would be delivered
to her.

[26] Up to date the car had not been delivered to the Plaintiff and neither has she been refunded
the money she paid. She is of the view that any excess over and above the agreed sum for
consideration regarding tax and foreign exchange cannot be valid as the extra sum was
being demanded after one year from the date she made a payment. She stated that if she
was to buy the same car from a new supplier it would cost her SCR415,000.00 (Seychelles
Rupees Four Hundred and Fifteen Thousand only). The Plaintiff produced another
supplier's document to this effect. The Plaintiff does not want a refund, she only wants her car and any refund should be in a sum that commensurate with the existing market value
of the same car.
[27] . Under cross examination she acknowledge that as per the invoice the final price of the car
was subject to change based on the official exchange rate, Seychelles Government policy
and the applicable taxes and laws of Seychelles. The Plaintiff further acknowledged that at
the time she was issued the invoice the exchange rate was SCR 14.35 to US Dollar.
However, the Plaintiff insisted that this term was only valid during the three months she
had to wait for the delivery. She again refuted the defence version that she was called in
April 2020 to be informed that they had received a white instead of a red car due to
manufacturing difficulties caused by the Covid 19 pandemic. She visited the Defendant
yard in January 2021, it was then that she refused to take a car because of the extra sum
being demanded and not because it was white. She acknowledge the increase in the USD
......
rate but stated that it occurred outside the three months limit and therefore she was not
obliged to pay. Evidence adduced by the Plaintiff that a similar car of the make and
description that she sought to be purchased from the Defendant costs SCR415,000 as of
February 2021, the date when it became apparent to the Plaintiff that the Defendant has
actually breached and had no intention to honour his contract.

[28] The Plaintiff also called the Commissioner of Custom who testified that the Custom
- Department has an automated system of validation where the computer system called the
ASYCUDA WORLD will make a determination of whether a particular declaration or bill
of entry should be physically examined and there is a percentage that is not physically
examined. According to him, five consignments came from India from the 24th of March
to 24th of April 2020; four arrived from the 11th of August to 19th of November 2020. The
commercial port was not closed at the material time. All containers came from Nava Shiva,
Mumbai. According to the witness one of the container would probably have come in
January 2021.
[29] The Defendant called Mr Andy Labrosse, who testified that his company imports and sells
vehicles. He is the principal director of the Defendant. The Plaintiff ordered a sportin red
Toyota Glanza from his company. A pro forma invoice containing the terms and conditions of purchase was issued to her together with the vehicle specifications. He identified the pro
forma invoice he issued and informed the court that as per the stated terms and conditions
the final price is subject to change based on the official exchange rate, Seychelles
Government Policy, applicable taxes and the laws of Seychelles. These terms and
conditions mean that it is only when the vehicle would come to Seychelles that the price
would be finalised. According to him this was discussed with the Plaintiff at the time of
purchased in the presence ofNiko Hertel, an employee. He admitted that the Plaintiff paid
the total price of SCR240,000.00 (Seychelles Rupees Two Hundred and Forty Thousand
only).
[30] According to him, between March 2020 and April 2021 due to the Covid 19 pandemic
vehicle production in India slowed down and they called the Plaintiff on many occasions
and explained to her the rise in exchange rate and the reduced supply of vehicles .
...
Nevertheless, they received a consignment of vehicles in April 2020 and this is supported
by a Bill of Entry. However the vehicle was a white Toyota Glanza and the Plaintiff was
informed. She came to the yard but refused to accept the car given that it was of different
colour. At that time the exchange rate was SCR18.02040 to US Dollar whilst in January
2020 the exchange rate was SCR14.35 to US Dollar. At that time the Plaintiff was offered
a refund of her original purchased price, but she refused. Consignment was also received
in August but the vehicle was refused by the Plaintiff on the same basis.

[31] The December consignment did not contain any red Glanza and in January 2021 the
Plaintiff was again informed of the increase in price caused by rise in exchange rate and
the non-availability of the red vehicle due to production difficulties. The Plaintiff still
insisted on her preferred colour. It was then that the Defendant made an offer to her in new
price increased by SCR138,000.00 caused by the increase in exchange rate. The Defendant
refused the letter of demand of the Plaintiff's counsel as to sell the car in January 2021 for
the price of January 2020 would have led him to make a loss.
[32] Under cross examination Mr Labrosse stated that he had no supporting documents to show
that the supplier in India was having a production problem. He further insisted that the
exchange rates on his Bill of Entries reflects the official rates. He admitted that that full payment was made by the Plaintiff for the vehicle that was to be delivered in accordance
with agreed specifications.
[33] . Mr Niko Hertel is an employee of the Defendant. According to him, when he joined the
Defendant the Plaintiff was already a cl ient and she had deposited an amount to purchase
a red Toyota Glanza. In April 2020 there was a lock down in India following the spread of
the Covid 19 virus. He told the Plaintiff that she would not be able to have a red car as the
supplier was not sending this colour. He was present when the Plaintiffs car came in April.
She did not like the colour and wanted to wait for another batch. From then until the next
shipments of cars that came in August he kept reassuring the Plaintiff that her car would
The Law
come. In August, however, only a grey one came, which was refused by the Plaintiff. She
was offered a refund but she refused and when she asked whether a new shipment was to
come, she was informed that there was and they tried to give her the same reassurances. In
.......
December, as no red Glanza came, she was offered the chance to pay the difference
between the actual market value of the imported car and that on the pro forma invoice but
she refused.
[34] Having scrutinized the facts and circumstances of this case I find that the following
provisions of the Civil Code of Seychelles find their relevancy in this case:
Article 1148

Damages shall not be due when, as a result of an act of God or an inevitable
accident, the debtor was prevented from giving or doing what he has undertaken
or he did what he had been forbidden to do. !f'performance of the contract has only
partly become impossible by an act of God or by an inevitable accident and if the
defendant is also at fault, the liability of the defendant shall be reduced in
proportion to his share of the responsibility.
Article 1604
Delivery is the transfer of the thing sold to the control and possession of the buyer.

Article 1610
If the seller fails to deliver within the mutually agreed time, the buyer may demand,
at his option, either the cancellation of the contract or to be put in possession,
provided the delay is due to the seller.
Article 1611
In all cases, the seller shall be condemned to pay damage if the buyer suffers any
detriment as a result of the failure to deliver at the time agreed upon.
Article 1612
The seller shall not be bound to deliver the thing if the buyer has not paid the price,
provided that the seller has not granted him time for payment. •.
Article 1614
The thing shall be delivered in the state in which it was at the time of the sale.
From that day all the profits of the thing shall belong to the buyer.
[35] I deduce the following legal principles from the above: the thing, if paid for, has to be
delivered to the buyer by the seller, in the state that it was at the time of the sale; and if this
does not happened the buyer can either cancel the sale or demand to be put in possession
of the things. Failure to deliver the things on time 'can lead to payment of damages if there
arises detriment as a result. The Defendant would be presumed to be liable for the breach
of its duty to deliver the things in' the form as agreed unless it can prove that the breach
was the result force majeure (Act of God).

Issues for the Court's determination
[36] The Plaintiffs case is that the Defendant had to import a Toyota Glanza, colour sportin red
at the original purchase price and that the price could only have been varied during the first
three months from entering into the contract of sale. The Defendant, on the other hand, is
of the view that variation of the price was agreed between the parties and it could take place
at any time provided that the vehicle had not been delivered to the Plaintiff.
[37] As to the colour of the vehicle, the Defendant's defence is that an act afforce majeure has
caused him to not be able to deliver the car of the agreed colour. The Plaintiff disputes the existence of this factor or at least states that any such factor was incapable of preventing
the Defendant from carrying out this obligation.
[38] . The material points for this court's determination therefore are:
What colour of the car was subject to the sale agreement and was there an intervening
Act of God that prevented the delivery of a vehicle in that colour;
What was the time that was agreed for the thing to be delivered and whether there was
an agreed variation of the time that the vehicle had to be delivered.
Discussions and determination
[39] For force majeure to operate three criteria must all be present: l'exteriorite l'Imprevisibilite
et l'Irresistibilite (aa independent; inevitable; unpredictable act of nature, not dependent on
the act of man; See Jurisprudence General Dalloz. Cades Annates). The burden is on the
defendant to prove on a balance of probabilities that these circumstances existed.

[40] The pro forma invoice produced in evidence described the vehicle agreed to be imported
by the Defendant as "sportin red" in colour and the acknowledgement of payment issued
by the Defendant to the Plaintiff described the car as "sportin red" in colour. Andy
Labrosse confirmed that the Plaintiff wanted a sportin red Glanza and that this was set out
- in the pro forma invoice. Mr Niko Hertel testified that they agreed to sell a red Toyota. It
is abundantly clear therefore that the agreement between the parties was to import a car in
the colour described by the Plaintiff.
[41] However, Mr Labrosse stated that he could not import one due to the pandemic situation
happening in India as a result of which the manufacturers did not have sufficient workers
to be in the factory manufacturing vehicles. This was so especially given that the red colour
was a premium one. As a result he could not guarantee the Plaintiff that he could import a
red vehicle.
[42] Under cross examination Mr Labrosse stated that he came to know that the supplier could
not produce the red car only two weeks before the shipment of the last car offered to the
Plaintiff. However, later Mr Labrosse went on to state that he obtained an import permit for a white car for the Plaintiff. This was allegedly as a result of him being informed by the
supplier via WhatsApp that no red car was being supplied.
[43} On the other hand Mr Niko Hertel testified that they agreed to sell a red Toyota Glanza but
that the Plaintiff got a white colour as a result of the Covid 19 virus pandemic in India.
According to him the supplier simply shipped out the white car, though the supplier was
requested by the company to ship a red one. He had no written proof to produce as
paperwork was done at a different level. He confirmed that there were red cars available in
India but that the supplier simply did not ship it.
[44] I find the evidence of Mr Labrosse to be inconsistence and contradictory.with regards to
the colour of the car within his own testimony. First he attempted to give the impression
that the supplier gave him a car of a different colour against his wish and design and that
was the same car=that was offered to the Plaintiff. However, once confronted with the
import permit and the fact that he willingly imported a white car contrary to the agreement,
he appeared to change his story and says that he had been informed by the manufacturer
via WhatsApp call of the fact that they could not produce a red one. Moreover the proof of
the importer's position was not forthcoming in any form whatsoever.
[45] Moreover Mr Labrosse's evidence is also inconsistent with that ofNiko Hertel with regards
to the availability of the red colour. Mr Hertel even failed to back up the testimony of Mr
Labrosse on the import permit and testified instead that they inserted a red car in the permit
but got a white one.

[46] As a result I disbelieve both the testimony of Mr Labrosse and Niko Hertel in that respect
and I believe that of the Plaintiff. It is clear to me that no efforts have been made by the
Defendant to import a car of the colour specification agreed upon. I take judicial notice of
the fact that the importation occurred during the Covid 19 pandemic, however that is all
that this court can do. During that period the supplier of cars from India mayor may not
have been able to build red cars, however it is up to the Defendant to prove on a balance
of probabilities that it could not and this it failed to do. The Defendant has failed to establish
an independent, inevitable, unpredictable act of nature, not dependent on the act of man
that had prevented it from delivering on the specific car colour. This leaves this court in doubt as to whether the Defendant intended to import this colour specification and whether
or not the Covid 19 pandemic was used as a subterfuge by the Defendant to go back on this
obligation.
[47] As to the time in which the imported vehicle had to be delivered into the possession of the
Plaintiff, the pro forma invoice issued by the Defendant, which forms the core of the
purchase agreement, stipulates that the delivery shall be in three months. Though not
expressly stated, it stands to reason to hold that the three months would start to elapse from
the time that the full consideration has been paid by the Plaintiff, which was the 5th of
February 2020. In terms of Article 1612 of the Civil Code the Defendant had to deliver on
the agreed date which was on or before the 5th of May 2020. The terms of the contract
being for that limited period I will also agree with the Plaintiff that the terms and conditions
set out in the pro forma invoice that "The final price is subject to change on official
=«:
exchange rate, Seychelles Government policy, applicable taxes and laws" would be
operative and would find their applications only during the agreed delivery period. Hence
any change of public policy that are obviously beyond the control of the parties during the
contracted period would be read into the agreement provided that they fall into the
contracted period. In this case it is clear that the changes occurred outside this period, it is
for this reason that the Plaintiff has refused to pay the car on a higher tax bracket and
official exchange rate bracket.

[48] The only way that the Plaintiff would established that the changes in public policies affects
the price of the imported vehicle would be for him to establish that there was an agreed
waiver by the Plaintiff of the time for the delivery of the car and that the delivery date was
extended by mutual agreement. Article 1610 of the Civil Code provides that the seller is
liable only if it fails to deliver within the mutually agreed time, meaning that the time
agreed for delivery can be mutually varied with consent of parties. As it is the Defendant
who is alleging variation of delivery date, the Defendant needs to prove same on a balance
of probabilities. In this instance as the contract was in writing any variation of its terms
should have either been in writing or at least been expressly agreed to by the parties. 

[49] The Plaintiff stated that she did not agree to change the terms of the contract and if the
Defendant was to deliver the vehicle it should be on the original terms and conditions. The
Plaintiffwas not willing to acknowledge that force majeure existed or affected the capacity
of the Defendant to deliver on time. As it appears, the Plaintiff was willing to wait for the
vehicle albeit out of time but on the original terms as agreed between the parties. She was
waiting for her sportin red Toyota Glanza as she had purchased. The fact that it was out of
time was due to the Defendant's doing and not the Plaintiff's. I have seen the demeanour
of the Plaintiff and heard her evidence as tested under cross examination and I believe her
fully. I disbelieve the evidence of the representatives of the Defendant that she had agreed
to the late delivery of the purchased vehicle. Moreover, as I have held above I also do not
believe even the Defendant's justification of force majeure that they had put forward. The
delay is clearly due to the Defendant.
[50] This leaves this court to make applicable the provisions of Articles 1610 and 16Uin full.
As the Defendant has failed to deliver within the mutually agreed time, the court can at the
option of the Plaintiff either cancel the contract or put the Plaintiff in possession of the
thing and condemn the Defendant to pay damage if the buyer suffered any detriment.
[51] In this case the Plaintiff cannot be put into possession of a vehicle with the specification
that she purchased as such vehicle was not imported by the Defendant. Moreover, the
Defendant cannot be compelled to effect the import as it is no longer in business according
to evidence. The only remedy that would bring justice to the case would therefore be
cancellation of the contract and compelling the Defendant to compensate the Plaintiff.

[52] The Plaint asks the Court to direct the Defendant to pay the Plaintiff Ita sum of SR
420,000.00 as being the price of the same type, model of the car". According to the adduced
evidence however the price of the car is SCR415,000.00 (Exhibit P6). The Court therefore
bases its Order on the evidence, the quotation provided by the Plaintiff.
[53] Moreover, it is clear to me that the Plaintiff have gone through moral pain, anxiety and
mental anguish as a result of the acts and omission of the Defendant, namely, the endless
phone calls and visiting of the Defendants offices. The misleading nature of the Defendant
has caused the Plaintiff moral damage and the Defendant is obliged to make good.

[54] Accordingly, I order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff:
(i) The sum of SCR415,000.00 being the price for the same vehicle if she would have
imported as in February 2021;
(ii) The sum of SCR50,000.00 as damages caused for mental anguish and suffering;
(iii) The costs of the proceedings.
Signed, dated and delivered at lie du Port on 28th of October 2022
Govinden CJ
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